Title
Catalog Number: Ka.64
Name: Stele of Tûol Pràsàt
Sources: NIC II/III: 200-3 (hereafter Pou); VS, 119-38. I have profited much from a rereading of the text by Professor Gerdi Gerschheimer.
Jenner manual: Part 4, № 13
Śaka date: (Śaka viie-viiie siècles = A.D. 678-877)
Conventional date:
Provenance: Tûol Pràsàt is located in or near the community of Roka, Prey Veng province. This inscription comprises 59 lines: 24 on face A, 35 on face B. Face A consists of 12 lines in Sanskrit, 12 in Khmer; face B consists of 2 lines in Sanskrit, 35 in Khmer. Decipherment of this inscription being particularly difficult, the text offered here has been deliberately cleared of epigraphic details, all of which can be recovered from the footnotes to follow.
Synopsis: These 47 lines in Khmer record the names of some 431 slaves. The slavelists are distinguished by contrasting Khmer slaves (351 names) with those from Maleṅ (157 names). Face A registers 214 slaves (137 Khmer, 77 Maleṅ); face B registers 217 slaves (137 Khmer in four teams, 80 Maleṅ). On face A neither donor nor recipient is named, but additional gifts of cattle, palms, and riceland are mentioned; on face B the donors are identified as mratāñ kamratāṅ craṅ gos, while the slaves are given to an unnamed vihāra. The text is of interest in containing a few lexical items which appear to be from the non-Khmer language of Maleṅ; these possibly include the bizarre toponym Craṅ Gos in B: 3. The text is a good source of onomastic data.
(13) kñuṃ kmer ghoda1 20 10 ||| kantai 40 7 der tai ||2
(14) der tai 8 lāṅ si 9 lāṅ tai 9 pau si 10 1
(15) pau tai 10 ’akarmmasīla3 9 ge 100 20 10 74
Khmer slaves: 33 ghoda; 47 females; 2 male der; 8 female der; 9 male lāṅ; 9 female lāṅ; 11 male sucklings; 10 female sucklings; 9 exempted from duty. 137 persons.5
(16) kñuṃ maleṅ ghoda6 10 8 kantai 20 10 der si 1 de
(17)r tai 8 lāṅ sī |||| lāṅ tai 8 pau si ||
(18) pau tai |||| ’akarmmaśīla || ge 60 10 77
Maleṅ slaves:8 18 ghoda; 30 females; 1 male der; 8 female der; 4 male lāṅ; 8 female lāṅ; 2 male sucklings; 4 female sucklings; 2 exempted from duty. 77 persons.
§1. These two opening passages categorize the slaves named hereafter and give their totals. This is a feature which has not been encountered previously.
(19) sarvvapiṇḍa savālavṛddha ge 200 10 ||||9
Total including children and elders: 214 persons.
§3. The total of the Khmer slaves with the Maleṅ slaves.
krapi
(20) 20 10 ○ tmur 40 ○ slā teṃ slik 1 10010 toṅ teṃ
(21) 100 711
30 water buffaloes; 40 cows; 500 areca palms; 107 coconuts palms.
sre gnol damī12 sare |||| mās |||
(22) sre thalā pura13 vnāk sruk sare 7 mās14
(23) sre kraye15 sare 8 <|>16 mās 1 piṇda sre sa
(24)re 20 |
A ricefield at Gnol Damī, 4 sanre 3 mās; a ricefield at Thalā Pura belonging to the sruk, 7 sanre 1 mās; a ricefield at Kraye, 8 sanre 1 mās. Total riceland, 20 sanre.
(3) ’aṃnoy mratāñ kamratāṅ craṅ=gos17 ta gui vihār ’āy ya nap18
Gifts of the lords [and] High Lord19 of Craṅ Gos to the vihāra at Ya Nap:20
(4) kñuṃ
Slaves:21
ghoda22 ’aṃraḥ so | dmuk23 vā kaṃvau | vā vrau | vā tpoñ24 | vā tradai25 | vā sendhava26 |
Males fit for hard labor: warder, So; keeper, Kaṃvau; Vrau; Tpoñ; Tradai; Sendhava;
ku saṃ
(5)lāñ | kon27 pau tai | lāṅ sī | der tai || ku sañjī | pau si | der tai || lāṅ sī |
(6) ku pit | ku kandin | ku vrai | pau tai28 | lāṅ sī | ku vaṅ | ku ’aras | ○
[Females:] ku Saṃlāñ [and] children, a female suckling, a male lāṅ, two female der; ku Sañjī, a male suckling, two female der, a male lāṅ; ku Pit; ku Kandin; ku Vrai, a female suckling, a male lāṅ; ku Vaṅ; ku ’Aras.
’aṃraḥ29 saṅkal | vā □liya(nū)30 | vā sahita31 | vā kaṃhāk |
[Males:] warder Saṅkal; □liya(nū); Sahita; Kaṃhak;
’nak=kantai ku spok32 | pau tai33 |
(8) vā kaṃsac34 | ku śraddhā35 | pau tai | lāṅ tai | der tai | ku saṃseṃ | pau sī | ku sra
(9)lañ | ku taṅ=vaḥ36 | ku kdoñ37 | ku vrau | pau sī | lāṅ tai | ku taṃnar | pau sī |
(10) lāṅ tai | ku karoṃ | pau tai | lāṅ tai | der tai | ○
Females: ku Spok, a female suckling, Kaṃsac;38 ku Śraddhā, a female suckling, a female lāṅ, a female der; ku Saṃseṃ, a male suckling; ku Sralañ; ku Taṅvaḥ; ku Kdoñ; ku Vrau, a male suckling, a female lāṅ; ku Taṃnar, a male suckling, a female lāṅ; ku Karoṃ, a female suckling, a female lāṅ, a female der.
’aṃraḥ somavīra | vā kan=’oṅ39 |
[Males:] warder Somavīra; vā Kan’oṅ;
(11) ’nak=kantai ku sañjī40 | pau tai | ku karoṃ | pau si41 | lāṅ tai | der si | ku ya khi42 |
(12) ku ckih43 | ku ’aras | ku vrau | vā kaṃpaṅ | vā saṃtoḥ44 | ku vnaṃm45 | ○
Females: ku Sañjī, a female suckling; ku Karoṃ, a male suckling, a female lāṅ, a male der; ku ya Khi; ku Ckih; ku ’Aras; ku Vrau, Kaṃpaṅ, Saṃtoḥ; ku Vnaṃ.
’aṃraḥ
(13) raṃpañ | vā sahāya46 | vā khala47 | vā tmāṅ | vā kañ=joṅ48 |
[Males:] warder Raṃpañ; Sahāya; Khal; Tmāṅ; Kañ-jaṅ;
’nak=kantai49 ku
(14) vyāṅ50 | pau si38 | lāṅ tai | ku c’āl51 | pau tai | ku paṅket | vā dradās |
(15) ku c’āl sin52 | pau si38 | der si | lāṅ si53 | lāṅ tai | vā ta’et54 |
(16) ku kalpit | lāṅ si || ku jā kukaḥ | pau tai | ku vres | vā sān | ku vin | pau tai |
(17) der tai || ku rok55 | pau tai | lāṅ si | vā srāṅ | pañcamī56 | vā kandin57 | ’agat58 | lā
(18)bha59 | ku thep60 | ku ke | ku vāṅ | ku vaḥ61 | ku caṃ62 | ku et63 | ku ’ap | ku lmoṅ64 | pruk65 |
(19) vā sliṅ66 | vā tvar | ku tek67 | vā stoy | ku ’asāp68 | pau si | lāṅ tai || vā tva
(20)y | ku jā | pau si | vā laṅkaḥ69 | ku dū70 | pau si | lāṅ tai | ku ’aras ’āy |
(21) pau sī | lāṅ sī | vā tmeṅ |
Females: ku Vyāṅ, a male suckling, a female lāṅ; ku C’āl, a female suckling; ku Paṅket, Dradās; another ku C’āl, a male suckling, a male der, a male lāṅ, a female lāṅ, vā Ta’et; ku Kalpit, two male lāṅ; ku Jā Kukaḥ, a female suckling; ku Vres, Sān; ku Vin, a female suckling, two female der; ku Rok, a female suckling, a male lāṅ, Srāṅ, [] Pañcamī, Kandin; Agat; Lābha; ku Thep; ku Ke; ku Vāṅ; ku Vaḥ; ku Caṃ; ku Et; ku ’Ap; ku Lmoṅ; Pruk, Sliṅ, Tvar; ku Tek, Stoy; ku ’Asāp, a male suckling, two female lāṅ, Tvay; ku Jā, a male suckling, Laṅkaḥ; ku Dū, male suckling, a female lāṅ; ku ’Aras ’Āy, a male suckling, a male lāṅ, Tmeṅ.
’akarmmaśīla71 9 ○
Exempted from duty: 9.
kñuṃ maleṅ72
Maleṅ slaves:73
vā laḥ kuñ74 |
(22) vā pan kuñ | vā rai kuñ75 | vā ce kuñ | ku jvik76 | lāṅ=si77 | vā māṅ kuñ |
(23)ñ78 | vā lon kuñ | vā jaṃnok | vā keṅ=kuñ79 | ku ma□ki80 | vā lāy ku
(24)ñ | vā jan kuñ | vā tmāy | vā taceṅ | vā tasaṃ81 | vā tmāṅ | vā tmau82 | vā
(25) pleṅ83 | vā tacey |
[Males:] Laḥ kuñ; Pan kuñ; Rai kuñ; Ce kuñ; ku Jvik, a male lāṅ; Māṅ kuñ; Lon kuñ; Jaṃnok; Keṅ kuñ; ku Ma□ki; Lāy kuñ; Jan kuñ; Tmāy; Taceṅ; Tasaṃ; Tmāṅ; Tmau; Pleṅ; Tacey;
ku māṅ kan | ku koy kan84 | pau si | ku ya laḥ | ku ya
(26) lā | ku au kan | lāṅ tai | pan kan85 | pau tai | ku roṅ gan86 | ku yāṅ kyā | □□□87
(27) tai || ku ya laṅ | ku coṅ kan88 | pau tai | lāṅ tai | ku ce kan | pau si | ku pa
(28)ṅ kan | ku kmās | ku rai kan | der tai | ku ya lek89 | lāṅ tai || der tai |
(29) ku ya pai | ku ya vau90 | pau tai | lāṅ sī | der tai | ku vel kan91 | pau tai |
(30) ku loñ92 | lāṅ tai || pai kan | lāṅ sī || der tai | ku lāy gan93 | der
(31) tai | ku poñ kan | lāṅ si94 | der tai |95 ku yaṃ gan96 | ku caṃ □y97
(32) kan | ku loṅ kan | ku cey kan98 | lāṅ tai
(33) || der si | ku saṅkāhv99 | □□□ kan | ku ya paḥ | ku
(34) ya mol100 | ku reṅ kan101 □□102 svāṃ |
[Females:] ku Māṅ kan; ku Koy kan, a male suckling; ku ya Laḥ; ku ya Lā; ku Au kan, a female lāṅ; [ku] Pan kan, a female suckling; ku Roṅ kan; ku Yāṅ Kyā, two female □□□; ku ya Laṅ; ku Coṅ kan, a female suckling, a female lāṅ; ku Ce kan, a male suckling; ku Paṅ kan; ku Kmās; ku Rai kan, a female der; ku ya Lek, two female lāṅ, a female der; ku ya Pai; ku ya Dhau, a female suckling, a male lāṅ, a female der; ku Vel kan, a female suckling; ku Loñ, two female lāṅ; [ku]19 Pai kan, two male lāṅ, a female der; ku Lāy kan, a female der; ku Poñ kan, a male lāṅ, female der; ku Yaṃ kan; ku Caṃ □y kan; ku Loṅ kan; ku Cey kan, two female lāṅ, a male der; ku Saṅkihv kan; ku ya Paḥ; ku ya Mol; ku Reṅ kan; [ku] Svāṃ.
’aka
(35)rmmaśīla103 || ○
Exempted from duty: 2.
1VS, 133: ghoṭa; GG: ghoṭa.
2 Pou, 200: kantai vnok der tai 2 ----- ; VS, 133, kantai 20-20-7 der si 2’.
3Pou, 200: a karmmasīla, divided; VS, 133, akarmmasīla.
4Pou, 200: tai 40-20-10-7; VS, 133 and GG: ge 100-20-10-8 ○.
5I count 138.
6VS, 133: ghoṭa; Pou, 200, and GG: ghoda.
7Pou, 200: 20-10 --- ; VS, 133: 20-20-20-10-7.
8Kñuṃ maleṅ ‘slaves of or from Maleṅ’. The expression implies a non-Khmer ethnic group.
9VS, 133: 100-100-10-5; GG recognizes the possibility of ||||| .
10Pou, 200: lacuna; VS, 133: 100; GG: (200).
11Pou, 200: tmur 60 slā ---- slik 1 ----------- ; VS, 133: tmur 20-20 slā teṃ slik 1. 100 ---- toṅ teṃ 100-7.
12Pou, 200: (21-23) (Très abîmé); VS, 133: [gn]ol [da]mi; GG: (g)[C]ol (d/n)mī.
13GG: thalāpuraṃ.
14GG: sare (7) (m)[ās ?].
15VS, 133: sre -taye.
16VS, 133, transcribes ‡.
17Pou, 201: craṅges; VS, 133: craṅ gos; GG: craṅgos.
18Pou, 201: ------ ; VS, 133: [ta gui ve]r āy yanap; GG: (ta) gui (vi)[]r āy yanap.
19On mratāñ kamratāṅ craṅ gos cf. above, № 6 (Ka.12: 2-3).
20Sruk Ya Nap, presumably named after a ya Nap, is attested in K.221S: 8 (A.D. 1011, C III: 54), while a kaṃsteṅ of Ya Nap is mentioned in K.205: 15 (A.D. 1036, C III: 3), K.206: 42 (A.D. 1042, C III: 11), and K.207: 62 (A.D. 1042, C III: 16). I have not previously encountered the name in pre-Angkorian.
21In view of kñuṃ kmer in line A: 13, kñuṃ maleṅ in A: 16 and B: 21, this contingent is no doubt to be understood as kñuṃ kmer.
22Pou, 201: ghoda; VS, 133: ghoṭa; GG: gho(da).
23Pou, 201: kñuṃ ghoda aṃraḥ soddek (?); VS, 133: [dmu]k; GG: dnuk.
24Pou, 201: kpoñ.
25Pou, 201: kra-au.
26Pou, 201: saindhava.
27Pou, 201: ---.
28VS, 133: ku pau tai.
29GG: aṃra().
30Pou, 201: vā vapi--; VS, 133: vā dhali[yabū]; GG reads CVliya(nuu).
31Pou, 201: s[u]hita; GG: s[a]hita.
32Pou, 201: sbok.
33GG: p(au) [t]ai.
34Pou, 201: vā kaṃsac (?); VS, 133: vā kaṃpac; GG: vā kaṃ(sac).
35Pou, 201: ku vraddha; GG: (ś)raddhā.
36Pou, 201: gaṅvaḥ; VS, 133: taṅvaḥ; GG: taṅ vaḥ.
37Pou, 201: ku kpoñ.
38If the reading is correct, this male slave must be an older son of ku Spok. Cf. the two in line 12 and various other cited with their mothers in the lines below.
39Pou, 201, and VS, 133: kan-oṅ; GG: kan=’oṅ.
40Pou, 201: qanakkantai ku sañjā; VS, 133: anak kantai ku sañje; GG: ’nak=kantai ku sañjī.
41Pou, 201: pau se.
42Pou, 201: ku yadhī; VS, 133: ku yakhi; GG: ku ya(?).
43Pou, 201: ku ckeh; VS, 133, and GG: ku ckih.
44Pou, 201: ku saṃtoḥ; VS, 133: ku saṃvoḥ; GG: vā saṃtoḥ
45Pou, 201, and VS, 133 both: ku vnaṃm; GG: ku vnam.
46Pou, 201: sahāya; VS, 133: vā sahāy; GG: vā sahāya.
47Pou, 201 and GG: khala; VS, 133: khal.
48Pou, 201: vā kañjaṅ; VS, 133: vā kañ joṅ; GG: vā ka(ñja)ṅ.
49Pou, 201: qnakkantai; VS, 133: anak kantai; GG: ’nak kantai.
50Pou, 201 and VS, 133: ku tyāṅ; GG: ku vyāṅ.
51Pou, 201: ku c-āl; VS, 133: ku caāl; GG: ku c’al.
52Pou, 201: ku c-āl sen; VS, 134: ku caāl sin; GG: ku c’āl sin.
53Pou, 201: lāṅ se 1 lāṅ se 1.
54Pou, 201: vā tacat; GG: vā ta et.
55Pou, 201: ku rāk.
56Pou, 201: ---------; pañcamī; GG: pa(ñca)mī.
57Pou, 201: vā kandan: VS, 134: vā kanden; vā kand(e/i)n.
58Pou, 201: a sa-lā----- ; VS, 134: a[gat]; GG: a(??_).
59Pou, 201: --(18)--- 1.
60Pou, 201: ku vep.
61Pou, 201: ku --ḥ; VS, 134: ku vaḥ; GG: ku (va)ḥ.
62Pou, 201: ku ci.
63Pou, 201: ku can.
64Pou, 201 and VS, 134: ku lmoṅ; GG: ku l(m)oṅ.
65VS, 134: prut 1.
66Pou, 201: vā sleṅ; VS, 134 and GG: vā sliṅ.
67Pou, 201: ku tek; VS. 134: ku [tebha]; GG: ku te(k).
68Pou, 201: ku asāra ---- ; VS, 134 and GG: ku asāp.
69Pou, 201 and GG: vā laṅkaḥ; VS, 134: vā laṅ kaḥ.
70Pou, 201: ku ---; VS, 134: ku dū; GG: ku (dV).
71Pou, 201: a karmmaśīla ----- ; VS, 134: akarmmaçīla 9 ○; GG: akarmmaśīla.
72Pou, 201: ku manraiṅ; VS, 134: kñuṃ maleṅ; GG: kñaṃ maleṅ.
73This passage contains nine occurrences of kuñ following male slavenames, nineteen occurrences of kan ~ gan following female slavenames. Neither form is identified. It can only be supposed that both are terms carried over from a non-Khmer language of Maleṅ. Their position suggests that they are not titles but descriptives attributive to the personal name before them. Note that, except for Jaṃnok in line 23, the names marked kuñ stand before those not so marked, suggesting seniority. The same cannot be said of kan.
74VS, 134: vā la kuñ.
75Pou, 201: vā nai kuñ.
76Pou, 201: ku k-aik.
77Pou, 201: lāṅ ci.
78Following the daṇḍa Pou, 201, has ----- before the line number; Pou, 201, VS 134, and GG all start line 23 with ñ. GG ends line 22 with vā māṅ kuñ |.
79Pou, 201: vā k------------------- ; VS, 134: vā ka---ek ñ lāṅ si 1; GG: vā keṅ=k[].
80Pou, 201: vā k----------------- lāṅ tai 1.
81Pou, 201: vā ------- 1; VS, 134: [ta saṃ].
82Pou, 201: vā kmau.
83Pou, 201: vā sleṅ.
84Pou, 201: ku k-oy kan.
85Pou, 201: pankan 1; VS, 134, and GG: pan kan.
86Pou, 201: ku roṅ kan.
87Following the daṇḍa Pou has ---- before the line number. GG: “Tous les éd. précédents considèrent visiblement que la pierre était inscrite à droite de ce nom, avant tai de la ligne 27 ... ; rien sur la pierre cependant ne permet de le supposer.” Despite the evidence of the stone, the following tai || requires a headword: pau, lāṅ, der.
88Pou, 201: ku cān kan.
89Pou, 201: ku yacek.
90Pou, 201: ku yavau; VS, 134 and GG: ku ya dhau.
91Pou, 201: ku cal kan.
92Pou, 201: ku poñ.
93Pou, 201: ku lāy kan.
94Pou, 201: lāṅ tai
95Pou, 201: der tai --.
96Pou, 201: ku yakan.
97Pou, 201: ku ca----- ; VS, 134: ku caṃ[]āy; GG: ku caṃ ?y_.
98Pou, 201: ---- cay kan 1.
99Pou, 201: ku saṅtep; VS, 134: ku saṅkāhv; GG: ku saṅkihv.
100Pou, 201: ku ya cāl 1.
101Pou, 201: lacuna. GG: the virāma over kan is uncertain.
102Pou, 201: lacuna. GG: the number of missing characters is uncertain.
103Pou, 201: --(35)rmmaśīlā + lacuna of 19 -; VS, 134: aka(35)rmmaçīla 2 /○/; GG: akarmmaśīla.